The Death of Expertise: The Campaign Against Established Knowledge and Why It Matters

 

　　後真相時代的最大病灶——「反知識」

 

　　為什麼網際網路開放、高等教育普及、新聞媒體蓬勃發展，

　　卻讓當代社會鄙視專業、陷入前所未有的反智思潮？

　　本書將帶我們反思「專業」的意義，

　　爬梳專家與公民的關係在當代何以崩解，並找回民主社會中兩者應有的相處之道。

 

　　反智像一道綿延不絕的線，蜿蜒貫穿著我們生活中的政治與文化面，

　　至於滋養著這條線的謬誤觀念則是：

　民主就等於「我再無知，也可以跟博學的你平起平坐」。

　　——艾西莫夫（Isaac Asimov）

 

　　隨網路科技與高等教育的普及，現代人可取得的資訊及知識量遠超過以往任何一個時代——但這也是所有人最不願學習、最不尊重專業的時代。

 

　　人們即使確實比以往聰明，卻以為只要靠Google、維基百科就能和專家並駕齊驅，對各種學識成就反唇相譏，面對專家建言也往往冷眼以對，從醫療、法律、教育到國家預算，人們都對專業採取不信任甚至鄙視的態度，這些應要公民和專家對話的事務因此失去了辯論的機會。此外，眾人也將「民主」的意涵誤解為每種聲音、即使最荒謬的意見也應該受到公平認真對待，否則就是不民主，就是搞菁英主義。

 

　　面對這種人們拒絕學習、懷疑專家的現象，本書作者美國海軍戰爭學院教授與哈佛推廣教育學院兼任教授湯姆．尼可斯將他的觀察與見解寫成文章刊登於網路報《聯邦主義者》後，迅速累積了上百萬的閱讀人次，也因此受到牛津大學出版社注意，進而邀請他將這個主題擴充撰寫成本書。

 

　　▍專家與公民關係的瓦解，就等同於民主制度的失能

 

　　在書中，他將告訴我們人類拒絕溝通的天性加上網際網路普及、高等教育商品化、新聞產業娛樂化的推波助瀾，是如何讓大眾並未變得更有知識，反而變得憤怒、無知而反智。而專家當然也有可能出錯——究竟專家為何犯錯、如何犯錯，身為公民的我們又該怎麼面對、進而建立起與專家的健康關係，他在書中也有詳細的探討。

 

　　面對「專業之死」，我們如果置之不理，將導致民主社會中公民與專家停止對話，並有可能發展成暴民政治或技術官僚主義，導致民主崩潰。這不僅會讓人類辛苦累積了數個世紀的知識付諸東流，也將阻礙新知識的未來發展。

 

　　本書正是一份診斷報告，帶領我們理解專家與公民間的關係為何崩解，而每一個人，不論是專家或公民，又該如何化解這個迫切的危機。要力挽狂瀾，需要身處當代社會的你我共同努力，而本書正是我們急切需要的清晰導引。

 

　　本文取自臉譜出版《專業之死：為何反知識會成為社會主流，我們又該如何應對由此而生的危機？》

Technology and increasing levels of education have exposed people to more information than ever before. These societal gains, however, have also helped fuel a surge in narcissistic and misguided intellectual egalitarianism that has crippled informed debates on any number of issues. Today, everyone knows everything: with only a quick trip through WebMD or Wikipedia, average citizens believe themselves to be on an equal intellectual footing with doctors and diplomats. All voices, even the most ridiculous, demand to be taken with equal seriousness, and any claim to the contrary is dismissed as undemocratic elitism.

Tom Nichols’ The Death of Expertise shows how this rejection of experts has occurred: the openness of the internet, the emergence of a customer satisfaction model in higher education, and the transformation of the news industry into a 24-hour entertainment machine, among other reasons. Paradoxically, the increasingly democratic dissemination of information, rather than producing an educated public, has instead created an army of ill-informed and angry citizens who denounce intellectual achievement. When ordinary citizens believe that no one knows more than anyone else, democratic institutions themselves are in danger of falling either to populism or to technocracy or, in the worst case, a combination of both. An update to the 2017breakout hit, the paperback edition of The Death of Expertise provides a new foreword to cover the alarming exacerbation of these trends in the aftermath of Donald Trump’s election. Judging from events on the ground since it first published, The Death of Expertise issues a warning about the stability and survival of modern democracy in the Information Age that is even more important today.

Tom Nichols is Professor of National Security Affairs at the US Naval War College, an adjunct professor at the Harvard Extension School, and a former aide in the U.S. Senate. He is also the author of several works on foreign policy and international security affairs, including The Sacred Cause, NoUse: Nuclear Weapons and U.S. National Security, Eve of Destruction: The Coming Age of Preventive War, and The Russian Presidency.

He is also a five-time undefeated Jeopardy! champion, and as one of the all-time top players of the game, he was invited back to play in the 2005 Ultimate Tournament of Champions. Nichols’ website is tomnichols.net and he can be found on Twitter at @RadioFreeTom.